Jim, would you mind explaining options?
Yea it can get pretty complicated though.
Call - The right to buy stock at a specified price by a certain date.
Put - The right to sell stock at a specified price by a certain date.
Calls and Puts are typically used as a hedge (which I will explain in a second) but can also be used for speculation.
How can call be used as a hedge?
So imagine you're long 100 shares of Google right now at $580 per share. If it goes up, you make money. If it goes down, you lose money. Simple. But what you can do is sell a call (1 call = 100 shares) to help generate some extra income. If you look at an option matrix, the August 600 strike calls are trading 6.30 bid by 6.80 ask. Since each call is equivalent to 100 shares, you need to multiply that bid/ask spread by 100 to get real dollars. So if you sell 1 600 strike call for 6.30, your trading account will be credited with $630.00.
So what's the rub? Well the risk is that Google shares trade much higher than $600. Since you sold the right to your 100 shares at $600 per share, you give up any gains over 600 and you would basically sell your 100 shares of Google on August expiration to the call owner at 600 per share. FYI, this is done automatically. So in this scenario, you own 100 shares of GOOGLE at 580 per share. It goes up above 600, you only make the difference between 580 and 600. So you make $2,000 + the $630.00 you collected by selling the call.
The ideal situation would be for Google stock to finish August expiration at $599.99. Why? Because not only do you get the $630.00 credit, your 100 shares of Google also went all the way up to $599.99 and the call that you sold expires worthless. This means you get to keep your 100 shares of stock. Great trade.
Suppose Google shares go down. Well you're going to lose obviously on your long position but the $630.00 credit that you received will still be yours. So that helps offset any potential loss from shares dropping.
True Hedge
In this same situation, suppose you're long 100 shares of Google at 580 per share but you're really worried about stock dropping long-term. Well perhaps, you want to buy a long-term put. What does a put do for you? Remember that a put gives you the right to sell stock at a certain price by a certain date. So what you could do is perhaps look out long term (January 2015 or January 2016) and but a 500 strike put. This essentially means that the most you can lose on your stock is the difference between 580 (current price) and 500 (your put strike price). Even if Google declares bankruptcy and drops to 1 penny per share, you would be protected and be able to sell your 100 shares at 500 per share. And of course, you'll also lose whatever you paid to buy the put.
What happens if Google goes higher? Well you're going to lose on your put but hopefully Google goes up by more than what you paid for the put. This ends up being a winning trade.
Risky Trades
You can also engage in what's called naked put selling. This is speculation. Let's say you don't have any position in Google but you don't think it will drop below 500 by the end of 2014. Well you could sell a December 500 strike put right now for $7.30. That's $730.00. This means that as long as Google stays above 500 by December 2014, you get to keep that $730.00. However, this can be extremely risky. If Google declares bankruptcy and drops to 1 penny per share. Well guess what? You just lost $58,000 for a potential gain of $730.00. That would really suck.
Buying Calls and Puts
A good way to speculate is just to buy calls and/or puts. If you think stock is going higher and have a good opinion about when, you can buy a call. If you think is going lower, you can buy a put. Buying options can give you a lot of leverage. This means that if you're right, you stand to gain a lot of money. Owning stock requires more margin than does buying options. So you could potentially make crazy amounts of money compared to what you deposit in the account.
You can also trades spreads, strangles, straddles. I can get into those but those are more advanced concepts.